Konservasi Wayang

Collections are material evidence of cultural results, as well as natural and environmental materials that have important values for history, science, education, religion, culture, technology and/or tourism. The museum collection is the main component for the museum and is a wealth for the museum, so that the maintenance of the collection must always be considered. Collection maintenance can be done through conservation activities, both preventive and curative. Conservation is understood as an effort made to prevent damage, inhibit the process of rapid weathering, as well as actions to deal with collections that have been damaged, so that the museum collections remain in good condition according to their originals. According to the International Council of Museums (ICOM) conservation is a form of measurement and action that aims to preserve and provide certainty so that museum collections can be used or accessed in the future. The maintenance of museum collections must be carried out in a systematic, integrated and sustainable manner so that the preservation of museum collections can be truly maintained for a long time.

Maintenance of museum collections can be divided into preventive maintenance and curative maintenance. Preventive collection maintenance is an effort or action to prevent museum collections from being damaged or weathered quickly, for example by paying attention to the cleanliness of the collection and the environment, monitoring and controlling the temperature, humidity and light where the collection is placed. Meanwhile, what is meant by curative treatment of a collection is an effort or action on a collection that has been damaged.

According to the Canadian Conservation Institute (CCI) there are ten factors that destroy collections, namely physical force, theft and vandalism, fire, water, pests, pollutants, light/ultraviolet, inappropriate temperature, inappropriate humidity and dissociation. One form of preventive conservation carried out at the Sonobudoyo State Museum is monitoring temperature and humidity using an IoT (Internet of Things) based thermohygrometer that can be accessed anytime and anywhere. The existence of this system helps in regulating temperature and humidity both in storage and in the exhibition room. In addition, regular cleaning is also carried out in the storage and vitrin in the exhibition room so as to reduce the potential for insects to come.

Curative conservation at the Sonobudoyo State Museum is carried out based on the results of observations as outlined in a form called a condition report. This form contains the results of both macroscopic, microscopic and instrumental analysis observations. Macroscopic observations were made by naked eye to determine the quality of the collection physically which included material integrity, discoloration, shape changes and the intervention of other collection destroying agents, while microscopic observations were carried out to determine the morphology and tissue of the collection material using a stereo, optical or digital microscope. Instrumental analysis is carried out by using a certain instrument to analyze the material in the collection with the aim of finding information related to the age, origin, nature, condition and composition of the material elements. Instruments are tools that are used as a means (in the form of a set of tests and so on) to collect data as processing material.

Instrumental tools owned by the Sonobudoyo State Museum include portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) and Termatrac Termite Detection (T3i). X-Ray Fluorescenece (XRF) is an instrumental tool specifically used for elemental analysis, especially metal elements, while Termatrac is used to detect the presence of insects, especially termites in wood collections. The results of the analysis are then used as the basis for determining the conservation methods and materials to be used in the curative conservation process. A number of methods and materials have been widely applied to the conservation process at the Sonobudoyo State Museum, including:

1. Manuscript Conservation
- Paper Manuscript
The materials used for the conservation process are wheat starch paste (WSP), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), Japanese paper, bondina paper, and bloating paper with conservation methods in the form of lamination, seizing, and mending.
- Lontar Script
The materials used for the conservation process are alcohol, citronella oil and hazelnut charcoal with conservation methods in the form of cleaning, strengthening palm leaves, and writing blackout.

2. Photographic Conservation
The materials used for the conservation process are brush, sponge, mounting board, and tymol with conservation methods in the form of dry cleaning, making storage media, and fumigation.
3. Textile Conservation
The materials used for the conservation process are calico cloth, lerak soap, tile cloth, polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) with the conservation method of replacing storage media, washing, and strengthening.
4. Puppet Conservation
The materials used for the conservation process are brushes, cotton buds, 3% alcohol solution, ancur, and anchor water with conservation methods in the form of dry cleaning, wet cleaning, and coating.
5. Wood Conservation
The materials used for the conservation process are brushes, cotton buds, 3% alcohol solution, toluene, and paraloid B-72 with conservation methods in the form of dry cleaning, wet cleaning, and coatings.
6. Weapon Conservation
The materials used for the conservation process are lime, arsenic, singer oil, and sandalwood oil with conservation methods in the form of a white process, warangan process, and coating.

7. Metal Conservation
- Gold Metal
The materials used for the conservation process are citric acid, calcium carbonate, langsol stone, and neutral polish with conservation methods in the form of tarnish cleaning, polishing, and coating.
- Silver Metal
The materials used for the conservation process are citric acid, calcium carbonate, alcohol, and neutral polish with a conservation method in the form of tarnish (silver stain) and coating cleaning.
- Bronze Metal
The materials used for the conservation process are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), acetone, toluene, benzotriazole, and paraloid B-72 with conservation methods in the form of active rust cleaning, stabilization, and coating.

- Brass Metal
The materials used for the conservation process are citric acid, langsol stone, and neutral polish with conservation methods in the form of tarnish cleaning, polishing and coating.
- Iron Metal
The materials used for the conservation process are citric acid, tannin acid, toluene and paraloid B-72 with conservation methods in the form of iron rust cleaning, stabilization, and coating.

8. Ceramic Conservation
The materials used for the conservation process are citric acid, cotton buds, and cotton with the conservation method of cleaning the tarnish.
9. Crystal Conservation
The materials used for the conservation process are citric acid, cotton buds, and cotton with the conservation method of cleaning the tarnish.

Apart from curative conservation using chemicals, the Sonobudoyo State Museum also has another method without the use of chemicals for the conservation of a number of collections such as wood, textiles and paper. The method is "anoxia", which is a conservation method in a room (chamber) by conditioning oxygen levels to near zero through injection of nitrogen gas (N2). This method aims to kill insects even at the larval and egg levels in the collection.